Python入门系列第八篇：Python中GUI编程和图形界面设计

途安

文章目录前言一、Tkinter、PyQt和wxPython库简单使用1、Tkinter简单使用2、PyQt简单使用3、wxPython简单使用二、Tkinter、PyQt和wxPython库实现计算器1、Tkinter实现计算器2、PyQt实现计算器3、wxPython实现计算器三、Tkinter、PyQt和wxPython库简单QQ聊天1、Tkinter实现QQ聊天2、PyQt实现QQ聊天3、wxPython实现QQ聊天四、Tkinter、PyQt和wxPython库贪吃蛇游戏1、Tkinter实现贪吃蛇游戏2、PyQt实现贪吃蛇游戏总结前言Python中的GUI编程是指使用Python语言创建图形用户界面（GUI）的过程。通过GUI，用户可以与程序进行交互，通过按钮、菜单、文本框等控件来操作程序。Python提供了多个库和框架来实现GUI编程，其中最常用的是Tkinter、wxPython、PyQt和PyGTK等。这些库提供了丰富的控件和功能，使开发者能够轻松地创建各种类型的图形界面。在GUI编程中，通常使用窗口（Window）作为程序的主要界面。可以在窗口中添加各种控件，如按钮、标签、文本框、复选框等，用于与用户进行交互。通过事件处理机制，可以对用户的操作进行响应，执行相应的函数或方法。图形界面设计是指创建具有良好用户体验的界面。在设计过程中，需要考虑界面布局、颜色搭配、控件的摆放位置等因素，以确保用户能够方便地使用程序。一、Tkinter、PyQt和wxPython库简单使用1、Tkinter简单使用Tkinter是Python中常用的GUI编程库，用于创建图形用户界面。下面是Tkinter的简单使用说明：导入Tkinter模块：importtkinterastk1创建主窗口：root=tk.Tk()1添加控件：可以添加各种控件，如标签、按钮、文本框等。例如，添加一个标签和一个按钮：label=tk.Label(root,text="Hello,Tkinter!")button=tk.Button(root,text="Clickme!")12布局控件：使用网格布局（grid）或包装布局（pack）来安排控件的位置。例如，使用网格布局将标签和按钮放置在窗口中：label.grid(row=0,column=0)button.grid(row=1,column=0)12运行主循环：root.mainloop()1完整代码：importtkinterastk#创建主窗口window=tk.Tk()window.title("GUI编程示例")#创建标签label=tk.Label(window,text="欢迎来到GUI编程！",font=("Arial",16))label.pack()#创建按钮button=tk.Button(window,text="点击我！",command=lambda:print("你点击了按钮！"))button.pack()#运行主循环window.mainloop()123456789101112131415162、PyQt简单使用PyQt是Python中常用的GUI编程库，用于创建图形用户界面。下面是PyQt的简单使用说明：导入PyQt模块：fromPyQt5importQtWidgets1创建应用程序对象：app=QtWidgets.QApplication([])1创建主窗口：window=QtWidgets.QMainWindow()1添加控件：可以添加各种控件，如标签、按钮、文本框等。例如，添加一个标签和一个按钮：label=QtWidgets.QLabel("Hello,PyQt!")button=QtWidgets.QPushButton("Clickme!")12设置布局：使用布局管理器来安排控件的位置和大小。常用的布局管理器有QVBoxLayout、QHBoxLayout、QGridLayout等。例如，使用QVBoxLayout将标签和按钮放置在窗口中：layout=QtWidgets.QVBoxLayout()layout.addWidget(label)layout.addWidget(button)123将布局设置给主窗口：central_widget=QtWidgets.QWidget()central_widget.setLayout(layout)window.setCentralWidget(central_widget)123显示窗口：window.show()1运行应用程序的主循环：app.exec_()1完整代码：fromPyQt5importQtWidgets#创建应用程序app=QtWidgets.QApplication([])#创建主窗口window=QtWidgets.QWidget()window.setWindowTitle("GUI编程示例")#创建标签label=QtWidgets.QLabel("欢迎来到GUI编程！")label.setFont(QtWidgets.QFont("Arial",16))#创建按钮button=QtWidgets.QPushButton("点击我！")button.clicked.connect(lambda:print("你点击了按钮！"))#创建布局layout=QtWidgets.QVBoxLayout()layout.addWidget(label)layout.addWidget(button)#设置主窗口布局window.setLayout(layout)#显示主窗口window.show()#运行应用程序app.exec_()1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303、wxPython简单使用wxPython是Python中常用的GUI编程库，用于创建图形用户界面。下面是wxPython的简单使用说明：导入wxPython模块：importwx1创建应用程序对象：app=wx.App()1创建顶级窗口：frame=wx.Frame(None,title="Hello,wxPython!")1添加控件：可以添加各种控件，如标签、按钮、文本框等。例如，添加一个标签和一个按钮：panel=wx.Panel(frame)label=wx.StaticText(panel,label="Hello,wxPython!")button=wx.Button(panel,label="Clickme!")123设置布局：使用布局管理器来安排控件的位置和大小。常用的布局管理器有BoxSizer、GridSizer、FlexGridSizer等。例如，使用BoxSizer将标签和按钮放置在窗口中：sizer=wx.BoxSizer(wx.VERTICAL)sizer.Add(label,0,wx.ALL,10)sizer.Add(button,0,wx.ALL,10)panel.SetSizer(sizer)1234显示窗口：frame.Show()1运行应用程序的主循环：app.MainLoop()1完整代码：importwx#创建应用程序app=wx.App()#创建主窗口frame=wx.Frame(None,title="GUI编程示例")#创建面板panel=wx.Panel(frame)#创建标签label=wx.StaticText(panel,label="欢迎来到GUI编程！",pos=(50,50))label.SetFont(wx.Font(16,wx.FONTFAMILY_DEFAULT,wx.FONTSTYLE_NORMAL,wx.FONTWEIGHT_NORMAL))#创建按钮button=wx.Button(panel,label="点击我！",pos=(50,100))button.Bind(wx.EVT_BUTTON,lambdaevent:print("你点击了按钮！"))#显示主窗口frame.Show()#运行应用程序app.MainLoop()123456789101112131415161718192021222324二、Tkinter、PyQt和wxPython库实现计算器1、Tkinter实现计算器importtkinterastkdefcalculate():expression=entry.get()try:result=eval(expression)result_label.config(text="结果："+str(result))except:result_label.config(text="无效的表达式")defclear():entry.delete(0,tk.END)result_label.config(text="结果：")window=tk.Tk()window.title("复杂计算器")entry=tk.Entry(window,width=30)entry.pack()button_frame=tk.Frame(window)button_frame.pack()calculate_button=tk.Button(button_frame,text="计算",command=calculate)calculate_button.grid(row=0,column=0)clear_button=tk.Button(button_frame,text="清除",command=clear)clear_button.grid(row=0,column=1)result_label=tk.Label(window,text="结果：")result_label.pack()window.mainloop()1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132332、PyQt实现计算器fromPyQt5importQtWidgetsclassCalculator(QtWidgets.QWidget):def__init__(self):super().__init__()self.setWindowTitle("复杂计算器")self.layout=QtWidgets.QVBoxLayout()self.entry=QtWidgets.QLineEdit()self.layout.addWidget(self.entry)button_frame=QtWidgets.QWidget()button_layout=QtWidgets.QHBoxLayout(button_frame)self.layout.addWidget(button_frame)calculate_button=QtWidgets.QPushButton("计算")calculate_button.clicked.connect(self.calculate)button_layout.addWidget(calculate_button)clear_button=QtWidgets.QPushButton("清除")clear_button.clicked.connect(self.clear)button_layout.addWidget(clear_button)self.result_label=QtWidgets.QLabel("结果：")self.layout.addWidget(self.result_label)self.setLayout(self.layout)defcalculate(self):expression=self.entry.text()try:result=eval(expression)self.result_label.setText("结果："+str(result))except:self.result_label.setText("无效的表达式")defclear(self):self.entry.clear()self.result_label.setText("结果：")app=QtWidgets.QApplication([])calculator=Calculator()calculator.show()app.exec_()123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142433、wxPython实现计算器importwxclassCalculatorFrame(wx.Frame):def__init__(self):super().__init__(parent=None,title="复杂计算器")self.panel=wx.Panel(self)self.entry=wx.TextCtrl(self.panel)self.calculate_button=wx.Button(self.panel,label="计算")self.clear_button=wx.Button(self.panel,label="清除")self.result_label=wx.StaticText(self.panel,label="结果：")self.calculate_button.Bind(wx.EVT_BUTTON,self.calculate)self.clear_button.Bind(wx.EVT_BUTTON,self.clear)sizer=wx.BoxSizer(wx.VERTICAL)sizer.Add(self.entry,proportion=1,flag=wx.EXPAND)sizer.Add(self.calculate_button,flag=wx.EXPAND)sizer.Add(self.clear_button,flag=wx.EXPAND)sizer.Add(self.result_label,flag=wx.EXPAND)self.panel.SetSizer(sizer)defcalculate(self,event):expression=self.entry.GetValue()try:result=eval(expression)self.result_label.SetLabel("结果："+str(result))except:self.result_label.SetLabel("无效的表达式")defclear(self,event):self.entry.Clear()self.result_label.SetLabel("结果：")app=wx.App()frame=CalculatorFrame()frame.Show()app.MainLoop()1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738三、Tkinter、PyQt和wxPython库简单QQ聊天1、Tkinter实现QQ聊天importtkinterastkdefsend_message():message=entry.get()#发送消息的逻辑处理print("发送消息:",message)entry.delete(0,tk.END)window=tk.Tk()window.title("QQ聊天系统")window.geometry("400x300")message_box=tk.Text(window)message_box.pack(pady=10)entry=tk.Entry(window)entry.pack(pady=10)send_button=tk.Button(window,text="发送",command=send_message)send_button.pack()window.mainloop()123456789101112131415161718192021222、PyQt实现QQ聊天fromPyQt5importQtWidgetsdefsend_message():message=entry.text()#发送消息的逻辑处理print("发送消息:",message)entry.clear()app=QtWidgets.QApplication([])window=QtWidgets.QWidget()window.setWindowTitle("QQ聊天系统")window.setGeometry(100,100,400,300)message_box=QtWidgets.QTextEdit(window)message_box.setGeometry(10,10,380,200)entry=QtWidgets.QLineEdit(window)entry.setGeometry(10,220,300,30)send_button=QtWidgets.QPushButton(window,text="发送")send_button.setGeometry(320,220,60,30)send_button.clicked.connect(send_message)window.show()app.exec_()123456789101112131415161718192021222324253、wxPython实现QQ聊天importwxclassChatWindow(wx.Frame):def__init__(self):super().__init__(None,title="QQ聊天系统",size=(400,300))panel=wx.Panel(self)sizer=wx.BoxSizer(wx.VERTICAL)self.message_box=wx.TextCtrl(panel,style=wx.TE_MULTILINE)sizer.Add(self.message_box,1,wx.EXPAND|wx.ALL,10)self.entry=wx.TextCtrl(panel)sizer.Add(self.entry,0,wx.EXPAND|wx.ALL,10)send_button=wx.Button(panel,label="发送")sizer.Add(send_button,0,wx.ALIGN_CENTER|wx.ALL,10)send_button.Bind(wx.EVT_BUTTON,self.send_message)panel.SetSizer(sizer)self.Show()defsend_message(self,event):message=self.entry.GetValue()#发送消息的逻辑处理print("发送消息:",message)self.entry.Clear()app=wx.App()ChatWindow()app.MainLoop()123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930四、Tkinter、PyQt和wxPython库贪吃蛇游戏1、Tkinter实现贪吃蛇游戏importtkinterastkimportrandomWIDTH=400HEIGHT=400DELAY=100DOT_SIZE=20classSnakeGame(tk.Canvas):def__init__(self,master):super().__init__(master,width=WIDTH,height=HEIGHT,background="black")self.snake=[(100,100),(80,100),(60,100)]self.direction="Right"self.food=self.create_food()self.score=0self.bind_all("",self.on_key_press)self.pack()self.after(DELAY,self.move_snake)defcreate_food(self):x=random.randint(1,(WIDTH-DOT_SIZE)/DOT_SIZE)*DOT_SIZEy=random.randint(1,(HEIGHT-DOT_SIZE)/DOT_SIZE)*DOT_SIZEreturnself.create_oval(x,y,x+DOT_SIZE,y+DOT_SIZE,fill="white")defmove_snake(self):head_x,head_y=self.snake[0]ifself.direction=="Right":new_head=(head_x+DOT_SIZE,head_y)elifself.direction=="Left":new_head=(head_x-DOT_SIZE,head_y)elifself.direction=="Up":new_head=(head_x,head_y-DOT_SIZE)else:new_head=(head_x,head_y+DOT_SIZE)self.snake.insert(0,new_head)ifself.check_collision():self.game_over()else:self.delete(self.snake[-1])ifself.snake[0]==self.food:self.score+=1self.create_food()else:self.snake.pop()forx,yinself.snake:self.create_rectangle(x,y,x+DOT_SIZE,y+DOT_SIZE,fill="green")self.after(DELAY,self.move_snake)defcheck_collision(self):head_x,head_y=self.snake[0]return(head_x=WIDTHorhead_y=HEIGHTor(head_x,head_y)inself.snake[1:])defgame_over(self):self.delete(tk.ALL)self.create_text(WIDTH/2,HEIGHT/2,text=f"GameOver!Score:{self.score}",fill="white",font=("Arial",20),)defon_key_press(self,event):key=event.keysymifkey=="Right"andself.direction!="Left":self.direction="Right"elifkey=="Left"andself.direction!="Right":self.direction="Left"elifkey=="Up"andself.direction!="Down":self.direction="Up"elifkey=="Down"andself.direction!="Up":self.direction="Down"root=tk.Tk()root.title("SnakeGame")snake_game=SnakeGame(root)root.mainloop()1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435363738394041424344454647484950515253545556575859606162636465666768697071727374757677787980818283848586878889902、PyQt实现贪吃蛇游戏fromPyQt5importQtWidgets,QtCore,QtGuiimportrandomWIDTH=400HEIGHT=400DELAY=100DOT_SIZE=20classSnakeGame(QtWidgets.QWidget):def__init__(self):super().__init__()self.snake=[(100,100),(80,100),(60,100)]self.direction="Right"self.food=self.create_food()self.score=0self.timer=QtCore.QTimer(self)self.timer.timeout.connect(self.move_snake)self.timer.start(DELAY)self.setWindowTitle("贪吃蛇游戏")self.setGeometry(100,100,WIDTH,HEIGHT)self.show()defpaintEvent(self,event):qp=QtGui.QPainter()qp.begin(self)self.draw_snake(qp)self.draw_food(qp)qp.end()defdraw_snake(self,qp):qp.setBrush(QtGui.QColor(0,255,0))forx,yinself.snake:qp.drawRect(x,y,DOT_SIZE,DOT_SIZE)defdraw_food(self,qp):qp.setBrush(QtGui.QColor(255,255,255))qp.drawEllipse(*self.food,DOT_SIZE,DOT_SIZE)defcreate_food(self):x=random.randint(1,(WIDTH-DOT_SIZE)/DOT_SIZE)*DOT_SIZEy=random.randint(1,(HEIGHT-DOT_SIZE)/DOT_SIZE)*DOT_SIZEreturn(x,y)defmove_snake(self):head_x,head_y=self.snake[0]ifself.direction=="Right":new_head=(head_x+DOT_SIZE,head_y)elifself.direction=="Left":new_head=(head_x-DOT_SIZE,head_y)elifself.direction=="Up":new_head=(head_x,head_y-DOT_SIZE)else:new_head=(head_x,head_y+DOT_SIZE)self.snake.insert(0,new_head)ifself.check_collision():self.game_over()else:self.snake.pop()ifself.snake[0]==self.food:self.score+=1self.create_food()self.update()defcheck_collision(self):head_x,head_y=self.snake[0]return(head_x=WIDTHorhead_y=HEIGHTor(head_x,head_y)inself.snake[1:])defgame_over(self):self.timer.stop()QtWidgets.QMessageBox.information(self,"游戏结束",f"游戏结束！得分:{self.score}")defkeyPressEvent(self,event):key=event.key()ifkey==QtCore.Qt.Key_Rightandself.direction!="Left":self.direction="Right"elifkey==QtCore.Qt.Key_Leftandself.direction!="Right":self.direction="Left"elifkey==QtCore.Qt.Key_Upandself.direction!="Down":self.direction="Up"elifkey==QtCore.Qt.Key_Downandself.direction!="Up":self.direction="Down"app=QtWidgets.QApplication([])snake_game=SnakeGame()app.exec_()```##3、wxPython实现贪吃蛇游戏```csharpimportwximportrandomWIDTH=400HEIGHT=400DELAY=100DOT_SIZE=20classSnakeGame(wx.Frame):def__init__(self):super().__init__(None,title="贪吃蛇游戏",size=(WIDTH,HEIGHT))self.snake=[(100,100),(80,100),(60,100)]self.direction="Right"self.food=self.create_food()self.score=0self.timer=wx.Timer(self)self.Bind(wx.EVT_TIMER,self.move_snake,self.timer)self.timer.Start(DELAY)self.Bind(wx.EVT_PAINT,self.on_paint)self.Bind(wx.EVT_KEY_DOWN,self.on_key_down)self.Centre()self.Show()defon_paint(self,event):dc=wx.PaintDC(self)self.draw_snake(dc)self.draw_food(dc)defdraw_snake(self,dc):dc.SetBrush(wx.Brush(wx.Colour(0,255,0)))forx,yinself.snake:dc.DrawRectangle(x,y,DOT_SIZE,DOT_SIZE)defdraw_food(self,dc):dc.SetBrush(wx.Brush(wx.Colour(255,255,255)))dc.DrawCircle(*self.food,DOT_SIZE//2)defcreate_food(self):x=random.randint(1,(WIDTH-DOT_SIZE)//DOT_SIZE)*DOT_SIZEy=random.randint(1,(HEIGHT-DOT_SIZE)//DOT_SIZE)*DOT_SIZEreturn(x,y)defmove_snake(self,event):head_x,head_y=self.snake[0]ifself.direction=="Right":new_head=(head_x+DOT_SIZE,head_y)elifself.direction=="Left":new_head=(head_x-DOT_SIZE,head_y)elifself.direction=="Up":new_head=(head_x,head_y-DOT_SIZE)else:new_head=(head_x,head_y+DOT_SIZE)self.snake.insert(0,new_head)ifself.check_collision():self.game_over()else:self.snake.pop()ifself.snake[0]==self.food:self.score+=1self.food=self.create_food()self.Refresh()defcheck_collision(self):head_x,head_y=self.snake[0]return(head_x=WIDTHorhead_y=HEIGHTor(head_x,head_y)inself.snake[1:])defgame_over(self):self.timer.Stop()wx.MessageBox(f"游戏结束！得分:{self.score}","游戏结束")self.Close()defon_key_down(self,event):key_code=event.GetKeyCode()ifkey_code==wx.WXK_RIGHTandself.direction!="Left":self.direction="Right"elifkey_code==wx.WXK_LEFTandself.direction!="Right":self.direction="Left"elifkey_code==wx.WXK_UPandself.direction!="Down":self.direction="Up"elifkey_code==wx.WXK_DOWNandself.direction!="Up":self.direction="Down"app=wx.App()SnakeGame()app.MainLoop()123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899100101102103104105106107108109110111112113114115116117118119120121122123124125126127128129130131132133134135136137138139140141142143144145146147148149150151152153154155156157158159160161162163164165166167168169170171172173174175176177178179180181182183184185186187188189190191192193194195196197198199200201202203204总结Python的GUI编程和图形界面设计相对简单易学，适用于各种应用程序的开发，包括桌面应用、游戏、数据可视化等。通过使用Python的GUI编程，开发者可以快速地创建功能强大、用户友好的图形界面应用程序。